Systemic Medicine

Cystitis is the inflammation of the urinary bladder, characterized by frequent painful urination and the presence of inflammatory cells and bacteria. It can result from factors such as infection, urine stagnation, and mucosal injury. Clinical signs include painful urination, abdominal discomfort, and abnormal urinary habits. Diagnosis involves clinical assessment, urinalysis, bacterial culture, and radiographic studies. Treatment typically includes antimicrobial therapy based on sensitivity testing, along with urinary acidifiers or alkalizers to optimize urine pH.

Diseases of the Urinary System encompass various conditions such as renal insufficiency, cystitis, and urolithiasis. The urinary system, comprising kidneys, ureters, and urethra, performs vital functions including waste excretion and electrolyte balance. Diagnosis involves urinalysis, renal function tests, and imaging techniques. Treatment focuses on antimicrobial drugs, fluid and electrolyte balance, and, in severe cases, dialysis.

Hydrothorax is the accumulation of transudate, Haemothorax is the accumulation of blood and Pneumothorax is the accumulation of air in the pleural cavity or sac.

Pneumonia is the inflammation of the lung parenchyma. It is usually accompanied by inflammation of the bronchioles and may get complicated with the extension of infection to the pleura, leading to pleurisy.

Pulmonary emphysema is a distention of the lung caused by one distention of the alveoli with rupture of the alveolar wall, with or without the escape of air into the interstitial space.

Engorgement of the pulmonary vascular bed and subsequent increase in the amount of blood in the lung parenchyma is called pulmonary congestion, which later on leads to the escape of fluid into the interstitial space and alveoli, referred as pulmonary edema in animals.

Diseases of the respiratory tract in animals are commonly encountered in routine clinical practice and therefore form an important clinical entity for clinicians.

Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa results in diarrhoea, dysentery (faeces mixed with mucus and blood), and accompanying signs of dehydration and acid-base imbalance in animals, which is called enteritis.

Edema or oedema refers to the excessive accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces and body cavities, involving a disturbance in the mechanism of fluid exchange between capillaries, tissue spaces, and lymphatic vessels.