Systemic Medicine

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a complex clinical condition characterized by inefficient myocardial contractions, resulting in compromised blood supply to the body and development of congestion.

Cardiac arrhythmias in animals may be defined as deviations from the normal heart rate rhythm or rhythms originating from abnormal locations within the heart.

Congenital heart diseases are malformations of the heart and great vessels. It is important to identify them in newly acquired pets or those to be used for breeding.

Thromboembolism (thrombus formation) is a common and serious complication of myocardial disease in the cats.

Canine and feline heartworm disease is of worldwide significance. But can be prevent by regular deworming and ectoparasiticides that used widely.

Hypertrophic Cardio Myopathy (HCM) is rare in dogs and common in cats. It called Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats and Canine hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in dogs.

Dilated Cardio Myopathy (DCM) is most commonly seen in dogs and cats, and called canine dilated cardiomyopathy and feline dilated cardiomyopathy respectively.

CKD occurs when compensatory mechanisms are no longer able to maintain excretory, regulatory, and endocrine functioning. It results in retention of nitrogenous solutes, failure of hormone production, derangements of fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base balance.

Acute Renal Failure (ARF), also known as Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), is characterized by a sudden decline in kidney function, leading to fluid and electrolyte imbalance and metabolic waste buildup. Common causes include ischemia, nephrotoxicity, and renal vascular issues. Diagnosis involves clinical assessment and laboratory tests.