Vaginal endoscopy in dogs is a minimally invasive diagnostic procedure used to examine the vaginal and reproductive tract.

Vaginal Exfoliative Cytology (VEC) in dogs is a diagnostic technique used to evaluate the reproductive status of female dogs and reproductive disorders.

Estrus detection in dogs is required for effective breeding management and reproductive monitoring. Estrus, or the heat cycle, occurs approximately every six months in female dogs and is characterized by behavioural and physiological changes.

Estrus detection aids in farm animals are needed in most herds in order to overcome the difficulty of estrus detection so that all animals in estrus are effectively identified and bred either naturally or artificially.

Aberrations of estrus and the oestrous cycle refer to deviations from the normal reproductive cycle in female animals, often caused by hormonal imbalances, genetic factors, nutritional deficiencies, or environmental stressors.

Several factors influence the oestrous cycle in animals, affecting its duration, frequency, and regularity.

The endocrine control of the oestrous cycle is a complex interplay of hormones regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

Oestrus cycle in animals is the rhythmic sexual behavioural pattern developed in females after puberty. The combination of physiological events which begin with one oestrous period and ends with the next is called oestrous cycle.

The process of fertilization involves ovum maturation, sperm maturation, and interaction of sperm and ovum.

Ovulation in animals is the release of oocyte from mature Graafian follicle. Ovulation in mammalian ovary occurs on any point in the ovarian surface while ovulation in mares is restricted to ovulatory fossa.