Conduction system of heart in animals The specialized excitatory and conduction fibres show feeble contractions only because of very few contractile fibres, but they conduct impulses very rapidly through out the heart. In mammals, S.A. node (Sino auricular node) is the specialized structure of the cardiac muscle located at the junction of the right atrium […]
Heart and cardiac muscles of animals Heart Heart is situated in the middle mediastinal space. It has two anterior chambers, the atria and two posterior chambers, the ventricles. The heart is separated into left and right sides by a septum. The atria and ventricles communicate with each other through the atrio-ventricular orifices, which are guarded
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate of Animals Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of Animals is a measure of the settlement of the erythrocytes in millimetre for a given period usually 30 minutes or one hour when citrated blood filled standard hematocrit tube is placed in an absolutely vertical position. The length of storage of the blood sample and
Packed cell volume (PCV) or Hematocrit (%) is percent volume of packed blood cells present in whole blood after centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 30 minutes.
Blood Volume in animals Blood Volume in animals makes up about 6 to 8% of the body weight. Blood volume measurement plays an important role when blood transfusion is attempted. It is also important to interpret PCV, Hb, RBC, and hematological parameters. These values are altered when the blood volume changes e.g. hemoconcentration and hemodilution. Blood volume is influenced
Blood groups Blood is divided into different groups based on the type of antigen present in the cells. The blood group antigen are glycolipids or glycoproteins having a molecular weight of 20,000 to 30,000 present on the surface of the erythrocytes. The antigens are highly specific and the specificity of the antigens appears to depend
Prevention of blood clotting in blood vessels The important factors that prevent the process of clotting within the vascular system are: Smooth endothelium, which prevents contact activation of intrinsic system Glycocalyx layer adsorbed to the inner surface of the endothelium that repels clotting factors and platelets Protein bound with endothelium which binds thrombin and removes
Prevention of blood clotting in blood vessels in animals Read More »
Blood coagulation or blood clotting in animals Many substances present in tissue and blood affect coagulation. Substances that promote coagulation are called as procoagulants‚ and those inhibiting coagulation are anticoagulants. Three stages of clot formation Formation of prothrombin activator in response to rupture of blood vessel or damage to the blood itself. Conversion of prothrombin
Hemostasis and Vascular spasm in animals Hemostasis Hemostasis means prevention of blood loss from damaged vessels. Mechanism of hemostasis- Vascular spasm Formation of platelet plug Blood coagulation and organization of fibrous tissue. Vascular spasm Injury or trauma to the blood vessels stimulates reflex constriction of the blood vessels through the sympathetic division or the local
Platelets or thrombocytes in animals Platelets or thrombocytes in animals are disk-shaped structures, derived from the megakaryocytes of the bone marrow. Mammalian platelets are non-nucleated, whereas they are nucleated in birds and reptiles. In mammals, platelets originate from the megakaryocytes of the bone marrow and In birds they arise from large mononucleated cells of bone
