Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics

The endocrine control of the oestrous cycle is a complex interplay of hormones regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

Oestrus cycle in animals is the rhythmic sexual behavioural pattern developed in females after puberty. The combination of physiological events which begin with one oestrous period and ends with the next is called oestrous cycle.

The process of fertilization involves ovum maturation, sperm maturation, and interaction of sperm and ovum.

Ovulation in animals is the release of oocyte from mature Graafian follicle. Ovulation in mammalian ovary occurs on any point in the ovarian surface while ovulation in mares is restricted to ovulatory fossa.

Ovogenesis, also known as oogenesis, is the biological process through which female gametes, or ova, are formed in animals.

Puberty in Female Animals Puberty in female animals is defined as the age or time at which the various systems of the body have become functional and reproduction may occur. In the female puberty is characterized by appearance of estrum and ovulation. In males, it is characterized by secondary sexual changes and ability to copulate

The vestibule, clitoris, and vulva are integral components of the female reproductive anatomy in animals, playing roles in reproduction and sensory functions.

The vagina of animals is the copulatory organ as well as the site for the expulsion of urine. It is a thin walled structure, highly elastic and capable of considerable expansion.

The cervix of animals is a thick walled, tubular sphincter muscle between the vagina and uterus with a constricted lumen.

The uterus plays a crucial role in reproduction in animals by serving as the site for implantation, fetal development, and nourishment of the embryo.