Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics

Placental hormones are important in reproduction for maintaining pregnancy, supporting fetal development, and preparing the maternal body for parturition and lactation.

The endocrine system plays an important role in regulating reproductive functions through the coordinated actions of hormones secreted by various glands, including the hypothalamus, pituitary, gonads, and placenta.

Hormones play a important role in regulating the female reproductive system, ensuring proper development, ovulation, and fertility.

Hormone assay in dogs for estrus detection involves measuring key reproductive hormones, primarily progesterone and luteinizing hormone (LH), to determine the optimal breeding time.

Vaginal endoscopy in dogs is a minimally invasive diagnostic procedure used to examine the vaginal and reproductive tract.

Vaginal Exfoliative Cytology (VEC) in dogs is a diagnostic technique used to evaluate the reproductive status of female dogs and reproductive disorders.

Estrus detection in dogs is required for effective breeding management and reproductive monitoring. Estrus, or the heat cycle, occurs approximately every six months in female dogs and is characterized by behavioural and physiological changes.

Estrus detection aids in farm animals are needed in most herds in order to overcome the difficulty of estrus detection so that all animals in estrus are effectively identified and bred either naturally or artificially.

Aberrations of estrus and the oestrous cycle refer to deviations from the normal reproductive cycle in female animals, often caused by hormonal imbalances, genetic factors, nutritional deficiencies, or environmental stressors.

Several factors influence the oestrous cycle in animals, affecting its duration, frequency, and regularity.